Alguns assuntos retratados no livro “A Gift of Fire” que achamos relevante,
The Phases of Hacking Phase One: The early years
• 1960s and 1970s.
• Originally, hacker referred to a creative programmer wrote clever code.
• The first operating systems and computer games were written by hackers.
• The term hacking was a positive term.
• Hackers were usually high-school and college students. Phase Two: Hacking takes on a more negative meaning.
• 1970s through 1990s.
• Authors and the media used the term hacker to describe someone who used computers, without authorization, sometimes to commit crimes.
• Early computer crimes were launched against business and government computers.
• Adult criminals began using computers to commit their crimes. Phase Three: The Web Era
• Beginning in the mid-1990s.
• The increased use of the Internet for school, work, business transactions, and recreation makes it attractive to criminals with basic computer skills.
• Crimes include the release of malicious code (viruses and worms).
• Unprotected computers can be used, unsuspectingly, to accomplish network disruption or commit fraud.
• Hackers with minimal computer skills can create havoc by using malicious code written by others.
Hactivism…is the use of hacking expertise to promote a political cause.
• This kind of hacking can range from mild to destructive activities.
• Some consider hactivism as modern-age civil disobedience.
• Others believe hactivism denies others their freedom of speech and violates property rights.
The Law Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA, 1986) • It is a crime to access, alter, damage, or destroy information on a computer without authorization.
• Computers protected under this law include:
– government computers,
– financial systems,
– medical systems,
– interstate commerce, and
– any computer on the Internet.
USA Patriot Act (USAPA, 2001) • Amends the CFAA.
• Allows for recovery of losses due to responding to a hacker attack, assessing damages, and restoring systems.
• Higher penalties can be levied against anyone hacking into computers belonging to criminal justice system or the military.
• The government can monitor online activity without a court order.
Catching Hackers… requires law enforcement to recognize and respond to myriad hacking attacks. Computer forensics tools may include:
• Undercover agents,
• Honey pots (sting operations in cyberspace),
• Archives of online message boards,
• Tools for recovering deleted or coded information. Computer forensics agencies and services include:
• Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT),
• National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC),
• Private companies specializing in recovering deleted files and e-mail, tracking hackers via Web site and telephone logs, etc..
